Sexually Transmitted Disease

Sexually transmitted disease

A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is an illness caused by an infectious pathogen that has a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of sexual contact, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. Increasingly, the term sexually transmitted infection (STI) is used, as it has a broader range of meaning; a person may be infected, and may potentially infect others, without showing signs of disease. In addition, "disease" seems to have much more of a negative connotation than "infection." Some STIs can also be transmitted via the needles used in IV drug use, as well as through childbirth or breastfeeding. Sexually transmitted diseases have been well-known for hundreds of years.




¿Que es una enfermedad de transmisión sexual?

Además del contacto sexual, menciona otra forma de contraer este tipo de enfermedades:

Pathology

Many STIs are (more easily) transmitted through the mucous membranes of the penis, vulva, and (less often) the mouth. The visible membrane covering the head of the penis is a mucous membrane, though it produces no mucus (similar to the lips of the mouth). Mucous membranes differ from skin in that they allow certain pathogens into the body.

This is one reason that the probability of transmitting many infections is far higher from sex than by more casual means of transmission, such as non-sexual contact—touching, hugging, shaking hands—but it is not the only reason. Although mucous membranes exist in the mouth as in the genitals, many STIs seem to be easier to transmit through oral sex than through deep kissing. Many infections that are easily transmitted from the mouth to the genitals or from the genitals to the mouth, are much harder to transmit from one mouth to another. With HIV, genital fluids happen to contain much more of the pathogen than saliva. Some infections labeled as STIs can be transmitted by direct skin contact. Herpes simplex and HPV are both examples. KSHV, on the other hand, may be transmitted by deep-kissing but also when saliva is used as a sexual lubricant, which is common among gay men engaging in anal intercourse.



¿Que es usado por homosexuales como lubricante sexual?



Healthcare professionals suggest safer sex, such as the use of condoms, as the most reliable way of decreasing the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases during sexual activity, but safer sex should by no means be considered an absolute safeguard. The transfer of and exposure to bodily fluids, such as blood transfusions and other blood products, sharing injection needles, needle-stick injuries (when medical staff are inadvertently jabbed or pricked with needles during medical procedures), sharing tattoo needles, and childbirth are other avenues of transmission. These different means put certain groups, such as doctors, haemophiliacs and drug users, particularly at risk.


The most effective way to prevent sexual transmission of STIs is to avoid sexual activity with an infected partner. Ideally, both new partners should get tested for STIs before initiating sexual activity. If a person chooses to have sexual activity with a partner whose infection status is unknown or who is infected with HIV or another STI, a new condom should be used for each act of intercourse. Condom use is not completely protective against acquisition of STI because of the presence of pathogen outside the protected skin or condom breakage. Condoms do not offer complete protection against herpes and genital warts, which are commonly found outside of areas cover
ed by condoms.






¿Cuál es la forma más efectiva para prevenir enfermedades de transmisión sexual?

¿Qué debes hacer antes de iniciar la actividad sexual?







Types and their pathogenic causes

Most of the diseases on this list are most commonly transmitted sexually. Some are commonly transmitted in other ways as well; for example, HIV/AIDS is also commonly transmitted through the sharing of infected needles by drug users, while SARS, which can be spread through casual contact such as coughing and sneezing, is very often not associated with sexual activity.



Viral

Hepatitis B.
(Note: Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E are transmitted via the fecal-oral route, not sexually; Hepatitis C is rarely sexually transmittable, and the route of transmission of Hepatitis D is uncertain, but may include sexual transmission.)
Herpes simplex
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS)
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Certain strains of HPV cause genital warts
Certain strains of HPV cause cervical dysplasias which can lead to cervical/anal cancer
Molluscum (MC)
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8)
The cause of Kaposi's sarcoma








¿Cuántos tipos de Hepatitis existen?

¿Cómo se transmiten la Hepatitis A y la Hepatitis E?



Bacterial

Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
Chlamydia infection (Chlamydia trachomatis)
Crotchrot
Donovanosis (Granuloma inguinale or Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)
Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) (Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1, L2, L3. See Chlamydia)
Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) (Ureaplasma urealyticum or Mycoplasma hominis)
Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)








Parasites

Pubic lice, colloquially known as "crabs" (Phthirius pubis)
Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei)

Protozoal

Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)




Menciona 2 enfermedades de transmisión sexual del tipo bacterial

Sexually Transmitted Enteric Infections

Various bacterial (Shigella, Campylobacter, or Salmonella), viral (hepatitis A), or parasitic (Giardia or ameba) pathogens are transmitted by sexual practices that promote anal-oral contamination. Although the bacterial pathogens may coexist with or cause proctitis, they usually produce symptoms (diarrhoea, fever, bloating, nausea, and abdominal pain) suggesting disease more proximal in the GI tract.










http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease



¿Qué tipo de enfermedades producen diarrea, fiebre, mareo, nauseas y dolor abdominal?